If you’re into gaming, photos, video, or just looking to add lots of speedy storage to a desktop or laptop, an M.2 SSD (Solid State Drive) is the preferred way to do it.
The M.2 SSD packs copious amounts of storage into a device roughly the size of—and often not much thicker than—a stick of chewing gum. Moreover, most—though not all—M.2 SSDs support newer interfaces that can move data in and out of those storage chips much faster.
The Expert: For nearly 30 years I’ve been an IT professional, personal tech consultant, freelance technology writer, and book author who spends probably a bit more time than I should hip-deep in the latest tech. Over the past couple of years, I’ve personally given several dozen PCs a new lease on life by performing SSD upgrades.
Best M.2 SSDs
Best on a BudgetKingston NV1 500G M.2 2280 NVMe PCIe Kingston$39 AT AMAZONRead More$39 AT AMAZON-
Best for PerformanceSAMSUNG 980 PRO 2TB PCIe MZ-V8P2T0BSAMSUNG$250 AT AMAZONRead More$250 AT AMAZON
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Best Value for High CapacityPNY CS2130 4TB M.2 NVMe M280CS2130-4TB-RBPNY$773 AT AMAZONRead More$773 AT AMAZON
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Best High Capacity—PerformanceSeagate FireCuda 530 4TB Seagate$740 AT AMAZONRead More$740 AT AMAZON
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Best for Showing Off a PC’s InsidesXPG S40G 1TB RGB 3D NAND PCIe Gen3x4 NVMe 1.3 M.2 2280 (AS40G-1TT-C)XPG$100 AT AMAZONRead More$100 AT AMAZON
It wasn’t always so easy to add storage. For decades, PC storage was synonymous with bulky, mechanical hard drives. The first hard drive was sold in 1956, but it wasn’t until the 1980s that they became available to consumers, and the 90s before hard drive actually went mainstream.
SSDs have been in existence in one form or another since the late 1970s, but it was only in the last decade or so that you could buy one. SSDs drives greatly improve performance and reliability by storing data on chips instead of spinning magnetic platters. Since SSDs have no moving parts versus mechanical hard drives which do, there’s less chance for something to go wrong.
More To Consider: Laptop Bags • Laptop Docking Stations • Dell Laptops
A conventional SSD (it looks a lot like a mechanical hard drive) is primarily designed a as drop-in replacement for their hard drive predecessors, so they’re not only bigger than they need to be, but they’re also hamstrung by an aging interface called SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) which prevents an SSD’s speedy storage chips from reaching their full performance potential.
Although most desktops or laptops built within the past five to seven years should accommodate an M.2 SSD, there are exceptions. Second, not all M.2 SSDs are the same, because "M.2" is an actually an umbrella term for modules that come in certain standardized shapes and sizes. M.2 SSDs may use one of a few different interfaces, and which one of these interfaces your PC supports determines the level of performance you can expect—or whether it will work in your PC at all.
A prerequisite to any M.2 SSD purchase then is to consult your desktop or laptop’s motherboard specs to verify not only the presence of an M.2 socket, but to determine its capabilities. PC manufacturers don’t always put this information in the owner’s manual, however, a bit of Google-Fu (be sure you use the exact model of your PC in searches) should turn up the information you need. For example, the spec sheet for my circa-2020 Dell XPS 8940 desktop supports the “M.2 2280/2230 M-key (PCIe 3.0 x4, NVMe)”.
How to Choose an M.2 SSD
Physical Size
Most desktop and laptops support M.2 “2280” modules, a label that refers to the device’s width and length (22mm and 80mm, respectively). While M.2 2280 modules represent the lion’s share of the market, other lengths do exist, including 30, 42, and 60 mm. (A 30mm M.2 is labeled “2230”, and so on). Although it’s not especially common, some laptops—ones that are older or with very small footprints—may only accommodate shorter-length modules. Some, as indicated by the specifications of my PC mentioned above, may support multiple lengths.
Interface and Connector
Modern M.2 SSDs connect to the PC via one of two versions of the PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) interface, either Gen 3 or Gen 4 (also called 3.0 and 4.0) and use a communication protocol called NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express). Compared to SATA, which offers a maximum of about 600 MB/s (Megabytes per second) of throughput, PCIe 3 can provide up to 3.9 GB/s (Gigabytes per second, more than a sixfold increase) while PCIe 4 doubles that to 7.8 GB/s.
If your PC supports a PCIe/NVMe-based M.2 SSD, that’s the way to go. Most PCs manufactured within the past five years or so should support PCIe 3, while support for PCIe 4 is more recent and thus less common. The two PCIe standards are backward-compatible, so if you install a PCIe 4 M.2 SSD in a system that supports PCIe 3, or vice-versa, it will still work, albeit at a lower level of performance. (Note: Performance is also determined by the type of storage chips, known as NAND Flash Memory, and other components an M.2 SSD uses, so two devices equipped with the same interface may have somewhat different performance.)
If your PC lacks support for PCIe/NVMe-based M.2 SSDs, opt for one that uses SATA. Although a SATA-based M.2 SSD’s performance won’t generally be any better than an SSD that uses the conventional hard drive form-factor (since they both communicate via the same SATA interface), it’s still many times faster than a mechanical hard drive.
Also check the connector type an M.2 SSD uses. M.2 SSDs with a PCIe/NVMe interface have a connector with one notch known as an “M-key”. The connector on a SATA-based M.2 SSD has two notches and is known as a “B+M key”. On the PC side, the M.2 socket will almost always be an M-key connector. An M-key M.2 SSD will work just fine in an M-key M.2 socket while a B+M key M.2 SSD will physically fit in an M-key socket, but may or may not work, depending on which interface(s) your system supports.
Capacity
As a rule, buy the largest-capacity M.2 SSD your budget allows. Storage is frequently something you think you have enough of until suddenly, you don’t. Unless your storage needs are truly minimal (e.g., you keep your data solely in the cloud and don’t need local copies of most of your files), don’t consider anything smaller than 500 GB. Give yourself some room to grow. Installing an M.2 SSD takes enough effort—especially on some laptops-- that you probably won’t want to do it more than once if you can help it.
Performance Rating
Read and write times are another metric to help you choose an SSD. The faster, the better, meaning faster boot times, quicker application launches, and better overall system performance. Sequential read/write means reading/writing contiguous areas of storage, whereas random refers to reading/writing random areas of storage. The former is a good metric of performance when you're predominantly dealing with large files—creating/playing videos, for example, as those files can be exceedingly large. The latter is a better indicator of overall performance, so more relevant for the general usage.
That said, there isn't really a target performance number to recommend, other than "higher is better," because the performance you actually get depends on whether your PC supports the same standard the M.2 SSD does and the specific applications you use. Note the performance numbers here are what the manufacturer claims, not necessarily what may be ultimately achieved.
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